Chapter 5: Reform, Resistance, Revolution

Proclamation of 1763: Set proclamation line along the Appalachian watershed to regulate the pace of western settlement. Settlements could not be planted west of the line unless Britain purchased the land by treaty from the Indians.

Sugar Act 1765: Grenville placed duties on Madeira wine, coffee, and other products. Most revenue was expected from molasses (3 pence per gallon). Also launched the war against smugglers, increased paperwork required of ship captains & permitted seizures for what owners considered technicalities. Made it more profitable fro customs officers to hound merchants than to accept bribes, made them immune to civil suit even in vice-admirality courts.

Stamp Act 1765: Imposed duties on most legal documents, newspapers, and other publications in the colonies. Led to colonial resistance & crisis.

Quartering Act 1765: Ordered colonial assemblies to vote for specific supplies and provide the British army with public housing.

Virtual Representation: The English concept that members of Parliament represented the entire empire, not just a local constituency and it's voters. Settlers were represented in Parliament the same way non-voting subjects in Britain were represented. Colonies denied that the term could describe their relationship with Parliament.

Liberty Tree: Andrew Oliver, a stamp distributor, hung the gallows on which enemies of the people deserved to be hanged. A crowd of men demolished his new stamp office and beheaded and burned his effigy.

Sons of Liberty: Men who resisted Britain's post war policies, resisted the stamp act, and protested (Boston Tea Party).

Non-importation Agreements: Agreements not to import goods from England. Designed to pressure the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular Parliamentary acts. They affected only exports from Britain.

Townshend duties: As a result of the Townshend Revenue Act passed in 1767 duties were imposed on tea, paper, glass, red and white lead, and painter's colors. Tea duty remained when the duties were reppealed.

Boston Massacre: The colonial term for the confrontation between colonial protestors and British soldiers in front of the customs house on March 5, 1770. 5 colonists killed, and 6 wounded.

Tea Act: 1773 Franklin repealed import duties on tea in England but retained Townshend duty in the colonies. Lord North said that legal tea would be cheaper in both places, the company would be saved, and by buying legal tea, settlers would accept Parliament's power to tax them.

Coercive Acts: 1774 Parliament passed 4 coercive acts: The Boston Port Act closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea. A new Quartering Act allowed the army to quarter soldiers among civilians, if necessary. The Administration of Justice act permitted a British soldier or official who was charged with a crime while carrying out his duties to be tried either in another colony or in England, Most controversial of all was the Massachusetts government act overturning the Massachusetts Charter of 1691, made the council appointive, and restricted town meetings.

Quebec Act: Parliament passed a fifth law irrelevant to the coercive acts. It established French civil law and Roman Catholic church in the Province of Quebec, provided for trial by jury in criminal but not in civil cases, gave legislative but not taxing power to an appointing governor or council, and extended the administrative boundaries of Quebec to the area between the Great Lakes and Ohio river, saving only the legitimate charter claims of other colonies.

Olive Branch Petition: July 5, 1775 the petition affirmed the colonists' loyalty to the Crown, did not even mention "rights," and implored the king to take the initiative in devising "a happy and permanent reconciliation."

Chapter 4: Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent

1. Why was it difficult to sustain both continual expansion and the Anglicization of the colonies at the same time?

The population of Britain was increasing exponentially and therefore required twice as many lawyers, physicians, colleges, craftsman, printers, sailors, and unskilled laborers.

2. What was the 'Great Awakening' and how did its ideas spread through the colonies?

The Great Awakening was a vast religious revival that occurred in the Protestant world in the 1730s and 1740s. It began to spread through evangelical priests and presbyterian churches preaching through revivals or emotional responses to the words of god that eventually converted several people.

3. Why did the 'experiment' of Georgia fail?

The experiment in Georgia failed because the land system failed, settlers smuggled in rum, the trustees dropped the ban on alcohol, half the population died, imported slaves and surrendered their charter to the parliament.

4. Explain the causes and consequences of the French and Indian War

The French and Indian war was caused by the refusal of George Washington to surrender the Ohio front and dispute for the west territories of North America as a result Britain attained Canada.

5. What was the economy and society that emerged in the Old South?

The Old South produced an economy and society of wealthy slave-holding planters.

Terms:
Task System
Owner assigns task every morning to slave, when completed slave has the day to his/herself.

Gang Labor
a system where planters organized their field slaves into gangs, supervised them closely and kept them working in the fields all day. (Tobacco Plantations

Molasses Act
tax on foreign molasses, meant to heighten england trade, caused smuggling

Jonathan Edwards
congregationalist of the college of new jersey, grandson and successor of Solomon stoddard, produced many revival texts. a faithful narrative of the suprising work of god he explained what a revival is, an emotional response to god.

George Whitfield
talented young amateur actor who joined the holy club at oxford and became and angelican minister. had the power to move masses of people and preached the "new birth".
Stono Rebellion
1739 governor of spanish florida offers liberty to slaves who can make it to florida, force of 20 slaves attack a store at stono killing the owner, seizing weapons and moving forward to florida. None of the rebels make it.

War of Jenkins's Ear
1739 named for the ship capain who displayed his detached ear as a demonstration of spanish cruelty.  broke out the war between Britain and Spain. 1744 france joins spain in the war aganist britain, king georges war.

Impressments
Removal of sailors from American ships by British naval officers

'Join or Die'
1754 Pennsylvania gazette, Benjamin franklin. a month later he drafts short hints towards a scheme for uniting the northern colonies. Ask for a president general to be elected in 3 year terms by the crown and for deputies to be apportioned according to tac receipts. that the union have power to raise soldiers , build forts, levy taxes, etc. Albany congress adopted ammended version.

Edward Braddock
1755 General of british armly led britain the ground by alienating the indians and marching to monongahela. irregular war in forests made uneasy. Shirley apppointed second in command for coming with a plan single expedition aimed at one fort to be followed by others.

Peace Of Paris
1763 Britain returned Martinique and Guadeloupe toFrance. France urrenedered several minor west indian islands abd all north america east of louisian except new orleans to britain.  Spain ceded florida for havana nd promised to pay ransom for Manila to britain. France compensated spanish allies with new orlean sand all of louisiain west of mississipi  . British and colonies cuold develop imperial parenterships to prosper. Indians unhappy france surrenderd there lands to britain when no one conquered them.